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CBSE Class 10 Science revision notes for chapter 8 – Heredity and Evolution are prepared by the subject matter experts and are according to the revised CBSE syllabus for the 2023-24 session.
Short Notes for CBSE Class 10 Science Heredity and Evolution: CBSE Class 10 students can make their Science exam preparations easier and effective with the help of revision notes provided by Jagran Josh. Short Notes for CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 8 – Heredity and Evolution are provided in the article here. These notes are entirely according to the revised CBSE syllabus for Class 10 Science for the 2023-24 session. All the topics and concepts have been discussed in a concise and clear manner. Students can refer to these notes for quick revision which is crucial at the time of a class test or the annual board examination.
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Revision Notes for CBSE Class 10 Science Notes for Chapter 8 Heredity and Evolution:
Heredity: Heredity refers to the transmission of characters from one generation to the next generation.
Inherited Traits: These are the particular genetically determined features that make a person look different from others. For example – presence of attached or free ear lobes in human beings.
Rules for the Inheritance of Traits – Mendel’s Contributions
Gregor Johann Mendel performed experiments with garden peas to determine rules for inheritance of traits.
Monohybrid Cross: Cross between two pea plants with one pair of contrasting characters is called a monohybrid cross.
Mendel took two types of pea plants – a tall plant and a short plant, produced progeny from them, and calculated the percentages of tall or short progeny.
Observations from experiment were:
→ In first generation (F1), all plants were tall.
→ In second generation (F2), one quarter of plants were short and others were tall.
→ Both the tallness and dwarfness traits were inherited in the F1 plants, but only the tallness trait was expressed. Tallness is a dominant trait and dwarfness is a recessive trait.
→ Thus, two copies of the trait are inherited in each sexually reproducing organism.
Genotype: It refers to the genetic make up of an individual. For example- a pure tall plant is represented by TT.
Phenotype: It refers to the physical appearance of the organism. For example – a plant having Tt combination will appear tall although it has gene for dwarfness.
Dihybrid Cross: Cross between two pea plants with two pairs of contrasting characters is called a dihybrid cross.
Mendel crossed between pea plants bearing round green seeds and pea plants bearing wrinkled and yellow seeds.
Observations from experiment were:
→ In F1 generation, all plants had round and yellow seeds. Thus, round and yellow are dominant traits and wrinkled and green are recessive traits.
→ In F2 generation, four different types of seeds were obtained. They were – round yellow, round green, wrinkled yellow and wrinkled green in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.
→ Occurrence of new phenotype combinations shows that traits are independently inherited.
How do these Traits get Expressed?
→ Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the cell.
→ A section of DNA that provides information for one protein is called the gene for that protein.
→ Genes control the characteristics or traits expressed.
Sex determination: The process of determining the sex of an offspring is called sex determination.
→ Different species use very different strategies for sex determination.
→ In some animals, the temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines whether the animals developing in the eggs will be male or female.
→ In some other animals, such as snails, individuals can change sex, indicating that sex is not genetically determined.
→ In humans, the sex of the individual is genetically determined.
→ In human beings, all chromosomes are not paired.
→ 22 chromosomes are paired but one pair called sex chromosome is odd in not having a perfect pair in males.
→ Females have a perfect pair both represented by XX while males have a mismatched pair with a normal-sized X and a short one Y represented as XY.
→ Thus, an ovum always contains X chromosome.
→ An ovum, upon fusion with a sperm containing Y chromosome gives rise to a male child and upon fusion with a sperm containing X chromosome gives rise to a girl child.
Topics deleted from the chapter:
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Basic concepts of evolution |
Questions for Self-Assessment:
Q. Why did Mendel choose pea plant for his experiments?
Q. Give the pair of contrasting traits of the following characters in pea plants and mention which is dominant and recessive:
(a) Yellow seed
(b) Round seed
Q. Give reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in F2 generation.
Q. How many pairs of chromosomes do human beings have? Specify the types of chromosomes also.
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