SAP HANA Interview Question and Answer

Part 1:

SAP HANA is the latest, in-memory database, and platform which can be deployed on-premises or cloud. SAP HANA is a combination of hardware and software, which integrates different components like SAP HANA Database, SAP SLT (System Landscape Transformation) Replication server, SAP HANA Direct Extractor connection, and Sybase replication.

HANA has unprecedented adoption by the SAP customers. SAP HANA is capable of processing a large amount of real time data in a short time period.

1) Mention what is SAP HANA?

SAP HANA stands for High Performance Analytical Appliance- in-memory computing engine. HANA is linked to ERP systems; Frontend modeling studio can be used for replication server management and load control.

2) Mention the two types of Relational Data stored in HANA?

The two types of relational data stored in HANA includes

Row Store
Column Store

3) Mention what is the role of the persistence layer in SAP HANA?

SAP HANA has an in-memory computing engine and access the data straightaway without any backup. To avoid the risk of losing data in case of hardware failure or power cutoff, persistence layer comes as a savior and stores all the data in the hard drive which is not volatile.

4) Mention what is modeling studio?

Modeling studio in HANA performs multiple task like

Declares which tables are stored in HANA, first part is to get the meta-data and then schedule data replication jobs
Manage Data Services to enter the data from SAP Business Warehouse and other systems
Manage ERP instances connection, the current release does not support connecting to several ERP instances
Use data services for the modeling
Do modeling in HANA itself
essential licenses for SAP BO data services

5) Mention what are the different compression techniques?

There are three different compression techniques

Run-length encoding
Cluster encoding
Dictionary encoding

6) Mention what is latency?

Latency is referred to the length of time to replicate data from the source system to the target system.

7) Explain what is transformation rules?

Transformation rule is the rule specified in the advanced replication setting transaction for the source table such that data is transformed during the replication process.

8) Mention what is the advantage of SLT replication?

SAP SLT works on trigger based approach; such approach has no measurable performance impact in the source system
It offers filtering capability and transformation
It enables real-time data replication, replicating only related data into HANA from non-SAP and SAP source systems
It is fully integrated with HANA studios
Replication from several source systems to one HANA system is allowed, also from one source system to multiple HANA systems is allowed.

9) Explain how you can avoid un-necessary information from being stored?

To avoid un-necessary information from being stored, you have to pause the replication by stopping the schema-related jobs

10) Mention what is the role of master controller job in SAP HANA?

The job is arranged on demand and is responsible for

Creating database triggers and logging table into the source system
Creating Synonyms
Writing new entries in admin tables in SLT server when a table is replicated/loaded

11) Explain what happens if the replication is suspended for a longer period of time or system outage of SLT or HANA system?

If the replication is suspended for a longer period of time, the size of the logging tables increases.

12) Mention what is the role of the transaction manager and session?

The transaction manager co-ordinates database transactions and keeps a record of running and closed transactions. When transaction is rolled back or committed, the transaction manager notifies the involved storage engines about the event so they can run necessary actions.

13) Explain how you can avoid un-necessary logging information from being stored?

You can avoid un-necessary logging information from being stored by pausing the replication by stopping the schema-related jobs.

14) Explain how SQL statement is processed?

In the HANA database, each SQL statement is implemented in the reference of the transaction. New session is allotted to a new transaction.

15) Name various components of SAP HANA?

SAP HANA DB
SAP HANA Studio
SAP HANA Appliance
SAP HANA Application Cloud

Part 2:

Q.1 What do you understand by SAP HANA?

Ans. SAP HANA is an in-memory database that encompasses special software and hardware components used for a centralized ERP system and business application development.

It uses real-time data processing/computing engine which fetches data directly from the in-memory (main memory/RAM) speeding up the data retrieval operations.

Q.2 Why is SAP HANA unique?

Ans. SAP HANA proves to be a unique tool for users in many ways. The reasons for uniqueness are:

SAP HANA is the first technology ever to be used for both OLTP and OLAP application processing.
It provides query processing environment for structured as well as unstructured data. That is, for both relational database (tables) and less structured (texts, graphs) respectively.
The multi-core processing engines of the SAP HANA system process data parallelly. The parallel processing is done within different columns of the same database. Using a columnar database, the system optimizes data structure and eases storing large data by compressing it.

Q.3 What are the components comprising SAP HANA technology?

Ans. SAP HANA is a technology that is a collection of different tools and technologies that work in tandem to bring it in existence. There are four technologies which collectively make SAPA HANA:

SAP HANA DB: It is the core in-memory database which is central to the functioning of SAP HANA.
SAP HANA Studio: It has the modeling tools for data handling and management.
SAP HANA Appliance: It is the Vendor hardware in which we install SAP HANA software.
SAP HANA Application Cloud: It is the cloud-based infrastructure ensuring the functioning of appliances.

Q.4 Which platforms SAP HANA supports?

Ans. SAP HANA supports various platforms:

Microsoft Windows Vista, 7, 8, Server 2008 (32-bit)
Microsoft Windows 7, 8, 10, Server 2008 / R2 (64-bit)
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 11 (64-bit)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 6 (64-bit)
Mac OS X Mavericks (10.9)

Q.5 What do you understand from in-memory computing? What is its significance in SAP HANA?

Ans. In the in-memory computing, a huge amount of data as the information is stored in the Random-Access Memory (RAM) instead of external storage disks.

This technology replaces the traditional way of storing data in disks and uses relational database management methods to fetch and process the data. In-memory computing technology is much cheaper and faster than the traditional database system.

Applications in SAP HANA are developed in close association with the database and there is close to no data movement involved from the database to the system.

SAP HANA keeps a primary copy of the data ready in in-memory storage which results in data access and processing for ad-hoc reporting, analysis of data in real-time, and quick query response.

Also, it reduces data complexity, data redundancy, data footprint, hardware and IT costs.

Q.6 What are the main components of the SAP HANA environment?

Ans. The primary components of the SAP HANA environment are:

In-memory computing engine: This is a component residing within the Index Server. It has got several sub-components such as Planning Engine, Session Management, Disk Storage, Request Processing and Execution Control, Relational Engine, etc.

Database: This has raw data residing in the ERP database which is sent to the HANA database. Replication Agent (in ERP DB) and Replication Server (in the computing engine) provisions this data movement. This component provides log-based data provisioning.

SAP Business Objects BI 4: This component includes tools like SBO BI Information Designer tool, Data Services Designer, Data Services Server, and Data servers, etc.

We use the components for job-based data provisioning. They design and implement a job on data and store the reports created in the form of a result. Therefore, it also acts as a repository.

SAP HANA Studio: This is a user interfacing platform which an Eclipse-based tool where we can manage, administer and manipulate data. We can work on several views like Attribute, Analytic, and Calculation.

Clients: These are miscellaneous reporting tools which we can connect to the computing engine by utilizing specific drivers. We can design and share reports by utilizing these tools and client applications.

Q.7 What is the function of a Replication server?

Ans. The replication server is responsible for managing the replication of table data as well as metadata from the data source.

Q.8 What is a persistence layer?

Ans. The persistence layer is mainly responsible for processing data backups periodically and storing it permanently. This is known as “Savepoints” and by default, the savepoint frequency is in every 5 minutes. The data stores as log volumes and data volumes.

Q.9 What are the architectural components of SAP HANA?

Ans. The SAP HANA system consists of different components which together makes its system architecture.

Index server: The Index Server is the main server in SAP HANA. It has the data storage and processing engine. Queries in different languages like SQL and MDX are received in the index server.

Then, the queries are processed by different components and servers within it. Index server also manages the transactions and authentications. It also has a component that manages transaction logs and selectively stores data.

In addition, the index server is further divided into smaller components like relational data engine, session manager, authorization management, planning engine, calc engine, and persistence layer.

Name server: Name server maintains the information of the topology or landscape of SAP HANA system environment. It contains information related to the name and location of the HANA components.

This server manages and monitors the topology of all the distributed servers or nodes. It increases the processing time by decreasing the re-indexing process as it keeps the information on what data stores in which server.

Pre-processor server: Pre-processor server is a text analyzing server which processes textual data. The service provided by this component is used during text search. Whenever a request initiates, this server processes textual data and provides it to the user.

SAP HANA Studio Repository: The repository stores information related to the newly released updates. We can update the old version to the latest ones with the help of this.

XS Engine: It facilitates communication between the external applications (Java and HTML based) and SAP HANA system via HTTP/HTTPS in a web browser. The XS Engine converts the system’s state from the persistence model stored in the database into the consumption model for clients.

Q.10 What is the most important component in SAP HANA architecture?

Ans The Index Server is the most important component of SAP HANA architecture. It has the data storage (having the actual data) component and a processing engine.

Queries in different languages like SQL and MDX are received in the index server. These queries are processed by different components and servers within the index server.

Q.11 Name the components of an index server.

Ans There are six main components of an index server:

Relational data engine
Connection and Session manager
Authorization manager
Planning engine
Calc engine
Persistence layer

Q.12 What is sizing in SAP HANA?

Ans. Sizing in SAP HANA refers to determining the hardware requirements for specific SAP HANA installation requirements. Hardware components important for sizing point of view are CPU, memory (RAM) and hard disk.

The most crucial task in sizing is to estimate the size of the server best suited for the business user’s requirements.

In SAP HANA, we can perform sizing in three ways:

Using Quick Sizer tool
Using DB script
Using ABAP report

Q.13 What are row and column storage in SAP HANA?

Ans. Data in the SAP HANA database stores in two ways; row storage, and column storage.

Row storage is the method of storing data in a horizontal fashion. It is similar to how data is stored traditionally in disk databases. However, there is one main difference between the SAP HANA row storage and traditional row storage.

That is, in SAP HANA, data is stored in rows in the main memory and in traditional databases, data is stored in rows in the disk storage.

Column storage method stores data in a columnar fashion (linear/ vertical). Data is compressed efficiently in column stores. It improves SAP HANA’s performance by optimizing both the read and write operations on data.

Data is stored in the column storage area which is divided into two sections; Main storage and Delta Storage.

Q.14 What are the different perspectives in SAP HANA Studio?

Ans. The SAP HANA Studio contains different perspectives which we can choose to work on. Some commonly used perspectives are:

SAP HANA Administration Console
SAP HANA Modeler
Application Development
Lifecycle Management
SAP HANA Development
ABAP
BW Modeling

Q.15 What is SAP HANA System Monitor?

Ans. Using the system monitor in SAP HANA Studio, we can administer and monitor the system’s health and availability of SAP HANA components.

Also, using the system monitor, we can access the system’s details and configurations and the services offered by different SAP HANA components.

We can monitor several aspects through the SAP HANA system monitor such as the alerts, disk space, log disks, trace disk, data disk, memory, performance, volume, etc. Thus, it is convenient to manage individual aspects, tasks, and components.

Q.16 What all administrative operations can we achieve from the Administration Console?

Ans. A number of administrative tasks can be performed in the SAP HANA Studio such as; regulating (start/stop) services, monitoring the system, audit policy, and security configuration, user management and authorization, backup and recovery, memory management, license management, alerts and messages, etc.

All of these tasks can be performed from different tabs present in the administration console of SAP HANA Studio such as:

Overview (monitor and general management)
Alerts (position and view the details of the alerts)
Performance (evaluates the performance of the system for the activities happening in the database)
System Information (access system information files and queries)
Landscape (check of all running services)
Volumes (details of the logs and data volumes)
Trace Configuration (includes the traces set up information)
Configuration (includes the information on system configuration files)
Diagnosis Files (includes the system log files)

Q.17 What is SAP HANA Information Modeler?

Ans. Information Modeler lets us design information views or models on top of SAP HANA database using tables in it. Such models are created to serve a business logic and operation. They are generated directly on top of the HANA database layer.

The information modeler provides the interface and tools to select attributes and measures from the database tables so that the user can create multiple information views using the physical tables of transactional data stored in the databases.

The information views are a logical representation of the data which can be further published or consumed for analytical purposes. Information modeling implements on the SAP HANA Modeler perspective of SAP HANA Studio.

Q.18 What is the difference between Information Modeler and Information Composer?

Ans. The two differ from each other based on target users. SAP HANA Information Modeler is for technical users with extensive data modeling requirements and technical knowledge.

They can perform a range of advanced operations related to modeling such as creating attribute views, analytic views, calculation views, processing models, data management and administration, data loading and import/export tables.

Whereas, information composer is made for non-technical users who are not IT and data science experts (with no database or modeling knowledge).

The information composer is so designed that it aids non-technical users with user-friendly interface, animations, hints, and suggestions for modeling and reporting.

Q.19 What are the three types of information views?

Ans. The three types of information views are:

Attribute view

Attribute view uses attributes, or the non-measurable, non-quantifiable data to design views and models according to the business logic.

Thus, the data used in attribute view is referred to as ‘Master data’ as it is used as reference information in other views (analytic and calculation). The tables in attribute view do not contain any facts or measure.

Analytic view

In an analytic view, we can create star schemas, having a central transaction or fact table and multiple dimension tables linked to it via primary keys. The measures are contained only in the central transaction table which can be grouped or joined with multiple dimension tables.

Calculation view

Calculation view is an advanced model which uses both attribute and analytic view elements in it to make a complex data model following complex business logic.

It gives us the freedom to combine and create from a range of options like tables, column views, analytic views, attribute view, etc. It enables us to do multidimensional reporting using measures and dimensions from different sources.

Q.20 What are the types of SAP HANA engines?

Ans. There are three types of SAP HANA engines:

Join Engine: We use the join engine every time an attribute view is created or used, or a join condition is applied in a native SQL command.
OLAP Engine:We use the OLAP engine in the creation of analytic views. We use it only when attributes are used in the analytical view and no calculation is done. If operations like calculations, counters, restricted measures are used then other engines like a calculation engine is used along with the OLAP engine.
Calculation Engine:We use the calculation engine in calculation along with being used in other views like analytical and attribute view whenever they apply complex logic and calculation operations.

Q.21 Explain the different types of joins in SAP HANA.

Ans. The types of joins in SAP HANA divides into two categories; Standard database joins and Specific joins.

Standard Database Joins

Inner join: The inner join joins the left and right tables with only matching records. That is, only that part in both tables that coincides displays. Inner joins are very useful while creating information models as we can use it to join tables in attribute views.

Left outer join: The left outer join combines the entire left table with only the matching records from the right table. If some the engine can’t find any records matching for the left columns in the right table then it returns NULL at those places.

Right outer join: The right outer join combines the entire right table with the matching contents in the left table. We rarely use the right outer join in real scenarios. It returns NULL in place of values which do not find an association with the records in the right table.

Full outer join/Union: A full outer join combines all the records from both left and right tables irrespective of the matching conditions. The cells which are not able to find any association with the other table are left NULL.

SAP HANA Specific Joins

Referential join: Referential joins are like inner joins but with a condition of keeping the referential integrity intact.

We use it whenever there is a primary key and foreign key association between two tables. And, referential integrity is when for every value in the foreign key column, there is a reference value in the primary key column of the master data table.

From a performance point of view, referential joins are better than inner joins. Referential joins are necessary for star schemas as long as referential integrity maintains.

Text join: Text join provides a description of text records in the language specific to the user. If user A selects the language as German, then all the details regarding the table and columns will display to the user in German. We use text joins for joining a text table with a master data table.

Q.22 What are analytic privileges in SAP HANA?

Ans. Analytic privileges in SAP HANA are data access restrictions which define and assigns to selected users.

They work as data security tools for SAP HANA users and clients. Analytic privileges provide row-level data security to SAP HANA users on contrary to object-level security which the object privileges assign. Thus, it restricts users to see only a selected section of data from the entire data set.

Q.23 What are the packages in SAP HANA?

Ans. Packages are folders which contains all the modeling related data objects. We call it a package because it can contain all the information modeling data in a complete package and we can use it for transferring (Import/Export) purposes.

The design-time objects such as information views, sub-packages, procedure, analytic privilege reside in a package.

There are two types of packages:

Structural
Non-structural

Q.24 What are schemas in SAP HANA?

Ans. The database elements of a system reside in the Catalog node of SAP HANA Modeler. The relational SAP HANA database divides into sub-databases within the Catalog node as schemas.

Schemas are like containers containing all the different elements or objects of a relational database. It categorizes important information about a database into folders such as indexes, tables, views, triggers, sequences, procedures, functions, etc.

Q.25 Difference between OLAP and relational connection to SAP HANA.

Ans. A relational connection establishes when the user needs to access conventional data tables. Relational connections can only create via IDT or UDT created semantic layers.

On the contrary, if we need to access multi-dimensional data cubes, then we need an OLAP connection. It is a direct connection to the business layer of the data model as opposed to the relational connection which is an indirect connection.

These connections enable a user to connect to the data tables or information views in SAP HANA.

Q.26 What is referential join? Explain referential integrity.

Referential join is the default join type in HANA modeling. A referential join is very similar to an inner join. The only difference between the two is referential integrity must be ensured in the case of referential join otherwise it cannot be formed.

Referential join forms between a fact table (transaction data or analytic view) and a master data table (attribute view). Every master data table has a primary key column which acts as a foreign key in the fact table.

We use referential joins whenever there is a primary key and foreign key association between two tables. And, referential integrity is when for every value in the foreign key column, there is a reference value in the primary key column of the master data table.

From a performance point of view, referential joins are better than inner joins. Referential joins are necessary for star schemas as long as referential integrity maintains.

Q.27 What are SAP Business Objects BI 4 reporting tools?

Ans. SAP Business Objects BI 4 client tools are SAP products that offer reporting applications and tools that use data from SAP BW and SAP HANA for reporting and analysis purpose. The list of reporting and dashboarding tools available under SAP Business Objects BI 4 package is:

SAP Lumira
Web Intelligence
SAP Crystal Reports
Design Studio
Dashboard designer
Universe Designer (IDT/UDT)
BusinessObjects Explorer
Analysis Office
MS Excel

Q.28 Difference between Catalog and Content node.

The contents of an SAP HANA system (database) majorly divides into two folders; Catalog and Content folder.

Catalog folder: The Catalog node acts as a data directory for SAP HANA system and keeps structured information of all the physical objects in HANA.

It primarily contains schemas and each of them divides into different folders like Column Views, EPM Models, Functions, Indexes, Procedures, Sequences, Tables, Triggers and Views.

Content folder: The Content node contains the design-time repository objects such as the information models created in SAP HANA Modeler. Packages contain the information models.

Thus, the Content node mainly contains packages created by users. Within each package are the Attribute Views, Analytic Views, Calculation Views, Analytic Privileges and Decision tables created by a HANA user.

Q.29 What are the ways to create a table in SAP HANA?

There are two ways of creating tables in SAP HANA. One method is a command line method, where we use the SQL console to write an SQL script and create a table. The second method is a GUI based method where we use a graphical interface to create a table.

Q.30 Types of connecting drivers used by SAP HANA reporting tools?

SAP HANA uses four main types of drivers as discussed below:

ODBO (OLE DB for OLAP): The ODBO driver is a driver by Microsoft for connecting MS Excel to the SAP HANA database. This driver is specifically for multi-dimensional reporting (multi-dimensional data stores) and it communicates through MDX language.

ODBC: ODBC stands for Open DataBase Connectivity. The ODBC driver is for establishing relational database connections between reporting tools and SAP HANA database. Reporting tools like CR Report and Universe layer (IDE) use ODBC driver that communicates via SQL.

JDBC: JDBC driver is a Java-based connection service. We also use it for relational reporting by reporting tools like Explorer, UNX using IDT, CR Report. JDBC drivers communicate with the database through SQL queries. JDBC stands for Java DataBase Connectivity.

BICS: The BICS driver is SAP propriety connecting driver. Reporting tools that use SQLDB language as the interaction language with SAP database uses BICS driver.

Part 3 :

SAP HANA is the next generation Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software that consists of several modules including Production Planning (PP), Materials Management (MM), Financial Accounting and Controlling (FICO), etc. If you are preparing for SAP HANA job interviews to build a career in this domain then this is the right place for you. This SAP HANA interview questions blog is mainly curated to get you acquainted with the type of questions that you might encounter in your job interview

1) Mention what is SAP HANA?

Ans:

2) Mention the two types of Relational Data stored in HANA?

Ans:

The two types of relational data stored in HANA includes

Row Store
Column Store

3) Mention what is the role of the persistence layer in SAP HANA?

Ans:

4) Mention what is modeling studio?

Ans:

Modeling studio in HANA performs multiple task like

Declares which tables are stored in HANA, first part is to get the meta-data and then schedule data replication jobs
Manage Data Services to enter the data from SAP Business Warehouse and other systems
Manage ERP instances connection, the current release does not support connecting to several ERP instances
Use data services for the modeling
Do modeling in HANA itself
essential licenses for SAP BO data services

5) Mention what are the different compression techniques?

Ans:

There are three different compression techniques

Run-length encoding
Cluster encoding
Dictionary encoding

6) Mention what is latency?

Ans:

Latency is referred to the length of time to replicate data from the source system to the target system.

7) Explain what is transformation rules?

Ans:

Transformation rule is the rule specified in the advanced replication setting transaction for the source table such that data is transformed during the replication process.

8) Mention what is the advantage of SLT replication?

Ans:

SAP SLT works on trigger based approach; such approach has no measurable performance impact in the source system
It offers filtering capability and transformation
It enables real-time data replication, replicating only related data into HANA from non-SAP and SAP source systems
It is fully integrated with HANA studios
Replication from several source systems to one HANA system is allowed, also from one source system to multiple HANA systems is allowed.

9) Explain how you can avoid un-necessary information from being stored?

Ans:

To avoid un-necessary information from being stored, you have to pause the replication by stopping the schema-related jobs

10) Mention what is the role of master controller job in SAP HANA?

Ans:

The job is arranged on demand and is responsible for

Creating database triggers and logging table into the source system
Creating Synonyms
Writing new entries in admin tables in SLT server when a table is replicated/loaded

11) Explain what happens if the replication is suspended for a longer period of time or system outage of SLT or HANA system?

Ans:

If the replication is suspended for a longer period of time, the size of the logging tables increases.

12) Mention what is the role of the transaction manager and session?

Ans:

13) Explain how you can avoid un-necessary logging information from being stored?

Ans:

You can avoid un-necessary logging information from being stored by pausing the replication by stopping the schema-related jobs.

14) What are the components comprising SAP HANA technology?

Ans:

SAP HANA is a technology that is a collection of different tools and technologies that work in tandem to bring it in existence. There are four technologies which collectively make SAPA HANA:

SAP HANA DB: It is the core in-memory database which is central to the functioning of SAP HANA.
SAP HANA Studio: It has the modeling tools for data handling and management.
SAP HANA Appliance: It is the Vendor hardware in which we install SAP HANA software.
SAP HANA Application Cloud: It is the cloud-based infrastructure ensuring the functioning of appliances.

15) Which platforms SAP HANA supports?

Ans:

SAP HANA supports various platforms:

Microsoft Windows Vista, 7, 8, Server 2008 (32-bit)
Microsoft Windows 7, 8, 10, Server 2008 / R2 (64-bit)
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 11 (64-bit)
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) 6 (64-bit)
Mac OS X Mavericks (10.9)

16) What do you understand from in-memory computing? What is its significance in SAP HANA?

Ans:

In the in-memory computing, a huge amount of data as the information is stored in the Random-Access Memory (RAM) instead of external storage disks. This technology replaces the traditional way of storing data in disks and uses relational database management methods to fetch and process the data. In-memory computing technology is much cheaper and faster than the traditional database system.

Applications in SAP HANA are developed in close association with the database and there is close to no data movement involved from the database to the system. SAP HANA keeps a primary copy of the data ready in in-memory storage which results in data access and processing for ad-hoc reporting, analysis of data in real-time, and quick query response. Also, it reduces data complexity, data redundancy, data footprint, hardware and IT costs.

17) What are the main components of the SAP HANA environment?

Ans:

The primary components of the SAP HANA environment are:

In-memory computing engine: This is a component residing within the Index Server. It has got several sub-components such as Planning Engine, Session Management, Disk Storage, Request Processing and Execution Control, Relational Engine, etc.

Database: This has raw data residing in the ERP database which is sent to the HANA database. Replication Agent (in ERP DB) and Replication Server (in the computing engine) provisions this data movement. This component provides log-based data provisioning.

SAP Business Objects BI 4: This component includes tools like SBO BI Information Designer tool, Data Services Designer, Data Services Server, and Data servers, etc. We use the components for job-based data provisioning. They design and implement a job on data and store the reports created in the form of a result. Therefore, it also acts as a repository.

SAP HANA Studio: This is a user interfacing platform which an Eclipse-based tool where we can manage, administer and manipulate data. We can work on several views like Attribute, Analytic, and Calculation.

Clients: These are miscellaneous reporting tools which we can connect to the computing engine by utilizing specific drivers. We can design and share reports by utilizing these tools and client applications.

18) What is the function of a Replication server?

Ans:

The replication server is responsible for managing the replication of table data as well as metadata from the data source.

19) What is a persistence layer?

Ans:

The persistence layer is mainly responsible for processing data backups periodically and storing it permanently. This is known as “Savepoints” and by default, the savepoint frequency is in every 5 minutes. The data stores as log volumes and data volumes.

20) What are the architectural components of SAP HANA?

Ans:

The SAP HANA system consists of different components which together makes its system architecture.

Index server: The Index Server is the main server in SAP HANA. It has the data storage and processing engine. Queries in different languages like SQL and MDX are received in the index server. Then, the queries are processed by different components and servers within it. Index server also manages the transactions and authentications. It also has a component that manages transaction logs and selectively stores data.

In addition, the index server is further divided into smaller components like relational data engine, session manager, authorization management, planning engine, calc engine, and persistence layer.

Name server: Name server maintains the information of the topology or landscape of SAP HANA system environment. It contains information related to the name and location of the HANA components. This server manages and monitors the topology of all the distributed servers or nodes. It increases the processing time by decreasing the re-indexing process as it keeps the information on what data stores in which server.

SAP HANA Studio Repository: The repository stores information related to the newly released updates. We can update the old version to the latest ones with the help of this.

XS Engine: It facilitates communication between the external applications (Java and HTML based) and SAP HANA system via HTTP/HTTPS in a web browser. The XS Engine converts the system’s state from the persistence model stored in the database into the consumption model for clients.

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

21) What is the most important component in SAP HANA architecture?

Ans:

The Index Server is the most important component of SAP HANA architecture. It has the data storage (having the actual data) component and a processing engine. Queries in different languages like SQL and MDX are received in the index server. These queries are processed by different components and servers within the index server.

22) Name the components of an index server.

Ans:

There are six main components of an index server:

Relational data engine
Connection and Session manager
Authorization manager
Planning engine
Calc engine
Persistence layer

23) What is sizing in SAP HANA?

Ans:

Sizing in SAP HANA refers to determining the hardware requirements for specific SAP HANA installation requirements. Hardware components important for sizing point of view are CPU, memory (RAM) and hard disk. The most crucial task in sizing is to estimate the size of the server best suited for the business user’s requirements.

In SAP HANA, we can perform sizing in three ways:

Using Quick Sizer tool
Using DB script
Using ABAP report

24) What are row and column storage in SAP HANA?

Ans:

Data in the SAP HANA database stores in two ways;

Row storage
Column storage.

Row storage is the method of storing data in a horizontal fashion. It is similar to how data is stored traditionally in disk databases. However, there is one main difference between the SAP HANA row storage and traditional row storage. That is, in SAP HANA, data is stored in rows in the main memory and in traditional databases, data is stored in rows in the disk storage.

Column storage method stores data in a columnar fashion (linear/ vertical). Data is compressed efficiently in column stores. It improves SAP HANA’s performance by optimizing both the read and write operations on data. Data is stored in the column storage area which is divided into two sections; Main storage and Delta Storage.

25) What are the different perspectives in SAP HANA Studio?

Ans:

The SAP HANA Studio contains different perspectives which we can choose to work on. Some commonly used perspectives are:

SAP HANA Administration Console
SAP HANA Modeler
Application Development
Lifecycle Management
SAP HANA Development
ABAP
BW Modeling

26) What is SAP HANA System Monitor?

Ans:

Using the system monitor in SAP HANA Studio, we can administer and monitor the system’s health and availability of SAP HANA components. Also, using the system monitor, we can access the system’s details and configurations and the services offered by different SAP HANA components.

We can monitor several aspects through the SAP HANA system monitor such as the alerts, disk space, log disks, trace disk, data disk, memory, performance, volume, etc. Thus, it is convenient to manage individual aspects, tasks, and components.

27) What all administrative operations can we achieve from the Administration Console?

Ans:

A number of administrative tasks can be performed in the SAP HANA Studio such as; regulating (start/stop) services, monitoring the system, audit policy, and security configuration, user management and authorization, backup and recovery, memory management, license management, alerts and messages, etc.

All of these tasks can be performed from different tabs present in the administration console of SAP HANA Studio such as:

Overview (monitor and general management)
Alerts (position and view the details of the alerts)
Performance (evaluates the performance of the system for the activities happening in the database)
System Information (access system information files and queries)
Landscape (check of all running services)
Volumes (details of the logs and data volumes)
Trace Configuration (includes the traces set up information)
Configuration (includes the information on system configuration files)
Diagnosis Files (includes the system log files)

28) What is SAP HANA Information Modeler?

Ans:

Information Modeler lets us design information views or models on top of SAP HANA database using tables in it. Such models are created to serve a business logic and operation. They are generated directly on top of the HANA database layer. The information modeler provides the interface and tools to select attributes and measures from the database tables so that the user can create multiple information views using the physical tables of transactional data stored in the databases. The information views are a logical representation of the data which can be further published or consumed for analytical purposes. Information modeling implements on the SAP HANA Modeler perspective of SAP HANA Studio.

29) What is the difference between Information Modeler and Information Composer?

Ans:

The two differ from each other based on target users. SAP HANA Information Modeler is for technical users with extensive data modeling requirements and technical knowledge. They can perform a range of advanced operations related to modeling such as creating attribute views, analytic views, calculation views, processing models, data management and administration, data loading and import/export tables.

Whereas, information composer is made for non-technical users who are not IT and data science experts (with no database or modeling knowledge). The information composer is so designed that it aids non-technical users with user-friendly interface, animations, hints, and suggestions for modeling and reporting.

30) What are the three types of information views?

Ans:

The three types of information views are:

Attribute view

Attribute view uses attributes, or the non-measurable, non-quantifiable data to design views and models according to the business logic. Thus, the data used in attribute view is referred to as ‘Master data’ as it is used as reference information in other views (analytic and calculation). The tables in attribute view do not contain any facts or measure.

Analytic view

Calculation view

Calculation view is an advanced model which uses both attribute and analytic view elements in it to make a complex data model following complex business logic.

31) What are the types of SAP HANA engines?

Ans:

There are three types of SAP HANA engines:

Join Engine: We use the join engine every time an attribute view is created or used, or a join condition is applied in a native SQL command.
OLAP Engine: We use the OLAP engine in the creation of analytic views. We use it only when attributes are used in the analytical view and no calculation is done. If operations like calculations, counters, restricted measures are used then other engines like a calculation engine is used along with the OLAP engine.
Calculation Engine: We use the calculation engine in calculation along with being used in other views like analytical and attribute view whenever they apply complex logic and calculation operations.

32) Explain How Sql Statement Is Processed?

Ans:

In the HANA database, each SQL statement is implemented in the reference of the transaction. New session is allotted to a new transaction.

33) How To Perform Backup And Recovery Operations?

Ans:

During a regular operation, data is by default stored to the disk at savepoints in SAPHANA. As soon a there is any update and transaction, logs become active and get saved from the disk memory. In case of power failure, the database restarts like any other DB returning to the last savepoint log state. SAP HANA requires backup to protect against disk failure and reset DB to the previous state. The backups simultaneously as the users keep performing their tasks.

34) Define Slt Configuration?

Ans:

Configuration is the meaningful information to establish a connection between source, SLT system and SAP HANA architecture as stated in the SLT system. Programmers are allowed to illustrate a new Configuration in Configuration and Monitoring Dashboard.

35) What Is Stall?

Ans:

The waiting process for data to load from the main memory to the CPU cache is called Stall.

36) List The Merits And Demerits Of Using Row-based Tables.?

Ans:

Merits:

No data approach can be faster than row-based if you want to analyze, process and retrieve one record at one time.
Row-based tables are useful when there is specific demand of accessing complete record.
It is preferred when the table consists of less number of rows.
This data storage and processing approach is easier and effective without any aggregations and fast searching.Demerits:
The data retrieval and processing operations involve the complete row, even though all the information is not useful.

37) What Is The Main Sap Hana Database Component?

Ans:

Index Server consists of actual data engines for data processing including input SQL and MDX statements and performs authentic transactions.

38) Explain The Concept Of Persistence Layer.?

Ans:

The persistence layer in SAP HANA handles all logging operations and transactions for secured backup and data restoring. This layer manages data stored in both rows and columns and provides steady savepoints. Built on the concept of persistence layer of SAP’s relational database, it ensures successful data restores.
Besides managing log data on the disk, HANA’s persistence layer allows read and write data operations via all storage interfaces.

39) Explain What Is Schema Mapping In Sap Hana ?

Ans:

Schema mapping is done when the physical schema in the target system is not the same as the physical schema in the source system. As mentioned earlier, suppose we are moving components from Development System (DEV) to Production System (PROD).

The tables in DEV reside in DEV_SCHEMA and the same tables reside in PROD system in PROD_SCHEMA schema. If an attribute view is transported from DEV to PROD, it will not work because the schema name is referenced in the definition of attribute view. In order for the promoted objects to work in PROD, schema mapping needs to be set up in the target system.

40) What Are System Requirements For Sap Hana?

Ans:

Java JRE 1.6 or 1.7 must be installed to run the SAP HANA studio. The Java runtime must be specified in the PATH variable. Make sure to choose the correct Java variant for installation of SAP HANA studio:

32-bit installation, choose a 32-bit Java variant.

For a 64-bit installation, choose a 64-bit Java variant.

41) What Is A Delivery Unit In Sap Hana?

Ans:

Delivery unit (DU) is a container used by the Life Cycle Manager (LCM) to transport repository objects between the SAP HANA systems.

The name of Delivery Unit must contain only capital letters (A-Z), digits (0-9) and underscores (_).

42) Why To Configure Import Server In Sap Hana ?

Ans:

In order to load data from external sources to SAP HANA we need to establish a connection with the server. To connect, we need to provide details of Business Objects Data Services repository and ODBC drivers. Once the connection is established, we can import the tables definition and then load data into table definition.

43) Explain The Column And Row Store In Hana?

Ans:

HANA supports both type of data store in database.
Row store is used when you need to use Select statement and no aggregations are performed.
Column store is used to perform aggregations and HANA Modeling is supported only on Column based tables.

44) What Are The Different License Keys Types In Hana System? What Is Their Validity?

Ans:

Temporary License key
Permanent License Key

Temporary License key:

Temporary License keys are automatically installed when you install the HANA database.
These keys are valid only for 90 days and you should request permanent license keys from SAP market place before expiry of this 90 days period after installation.

Permanent License Key:

Permanent License keys are valid till the predefine expiration date.
License keys specify amount of memory licensed to target HANA installation.

45) What Is The Difference Between Catalog And Content Tab?

Ans:

Catalog: This contains RDBMS objects like schemas, tables, views, procedures, etc.

you can open SQL editor and design database objects.

Content tab: This is used to maintain design time repository. You can create new packages and design Information views in HANA system. Various views can be created under content tab to meet business requirement and to perform analytical reports on the top of the Modeling views.

46) What Are The Advantages Of Attribute View?

Ans:

Attribute View act as Master data context, which provides Text or Description for Key/Non-key field.
Attribute View can be reuse in Analytic View and Calculation View.
Attributes View is used to select a subset of columns and rows from a database table.
Attributes (fields) can be calculated from multiple table fields.
There is no measure and aggregation option.

47) Which Engine Is Used To Create Attribute View?

Ans:

Join engine is used to create attribute view
This engine is used when we execute any Attribute View in HANA or run native SQL on more than one table with join condition.
If there are any calculations involved either in Attribute View or in native SQL then Join Engine will use Calculation Engine for calculations or fetch the result.

48) What Are The Different Types Of Nodes In Calculation View?

Ans:

Different types of nodes, they are:

Join: This node is used to join two source objects and pass the result to the next node. The join types can be inner, left outer, right outer and text join.Note: We can only add two source objects to a join node.

Union: This is used to perform union all operation between multiple sources. The source can be n number of objects.

Projection: This is used to select columns, filter the data and create additional columns before we use it in next nodes like a union, aggregation and rank.

Aggregation: This is used to perform aggregation on specific columns based on the selected attributes.

Rank: This is the exact replacement for RANK function in SQL. We can define the partition and order by clause based on the requirement.

49) What Is Calculation View With Star Join?

Ans:

Calculation View with Star Join :

It does not allow base column tables, Attribute Views or Analytic views to add at data foundation.
All Dimension tables must be changed to Dimension Calculation views to use in Star Join.
All Fact tables can be added and can use default nodes in Calculation View.

50) Which Engine Is Used To Create Analytic View?

Ans:

This engine will be called in the backend whenever we run any queries on Analytic Views in SAP HANA.
If there are no additional calculations performed like calculated columns, restricted measures and counters, then everything will be processed in OLAP Engine.
OLAP Engine acts as join engine for those Attribute Views used in Analytic Views, without any calculated columns
All the join engine work will be converted into ‘BwPopJoin’ which is part of OLAP Engine.
If there are any calculations present, to be performed then Calculation engine will be used along with OLAP Engine.

51) Tell Something You Know About Normalization And De-normalization?

Ans:

Normalization is nothing but the process that is adopted for the purpose or removing the redundant data from the database. This is generally done by splitting the table into different sections. This actually makes sure of integrity. On the other side, the de-normalization is the process of considering the redundant data so that all the queries which are complex can be enhanced in terms of overall performance.

52) What Sort Of Advantages Do Businesses Have With Effective Database Management?

Ans:

By data managing the users are free to derive results that can be considered for the long run
A lot of difficulties related to data can be avoided easily
The data can be managed in sections and can be accessed easily
Well managed data is useful in designing reports, preparing documents and assisting various departments in other tasks.

53) What Exactly Is The Significance Of Persistence Layer In Sap Hana?

Ans:

It is actually an important later in SAP HANA which plays a very important role. Actually, HANA has a computing engine built inside and the users have to utilize the data directly without taking any backup. The same can create an issue during powerful failure and thus it is necessary to keep a backup of the same. This layer comes as a savior and it make sure no loss of data during such a situation.

54) What Are The Benefits That Sql Can Bring For You?

Ans:

If the queries in the SQL are simple, the users are free to retrieve a very large sum of data very easily from the system. Another good thing about SQL is it is very easy to learn and implement. There is a vast support available for SQL and all the queries can be addressed reliably. Using SQL, the database can be managed very easily and in fact without considering a large amount of coding

55) What Is The Best Way To Manage, Operate, And Monitor Sap Hana Systems?

Ans:

Sap Hana is a young database with interesting features of SAP HANA. First of all Sap Hana is an in-memory database. It is accessible for administration via various channels. Directly from the Server, It is not the most convenient method but you can use hdbsql to manage databases. With the web-based interface Hana cockpit, you can browse and manage sap hana environments. The Client Hana Studio is the complete tool to administer Sap Hana but it has to be physically installed and therefore is dependent on the client hardware.

56) How To Secure A Sap Hana User Connexion?

Ans:

A Sap Hana database user is protected in the first place with a password. However, a password is very often required at the command line in order to connect and execute a batch or an SQL script. The username and password are then visible to anyone. In order to avoid that situation, it is possible to create a special key in relation to a particular user. Username and password are then invisible via the use of that key.

57) Compare SAP HANA and BWA (Business Warehouse Accelerator). Also, state how is SAP HANA working currently ?

Ans:

BWA or (Business Warehouse Accelerator): BWA is known as an in-memory accelerator for Business Warehouse (BW). The main focus of BWA is on improving the query performance of SAP Net Weaver BW. BWA is particularly designed to accelerate BW queries and also for reducing the data acquisition time by persisting the copies of the info cube.

SAP HANA: SAP HANA is an in-memory database. It is a platform where high-performance analytic reports and application is found. Another thing to notice here is that in SAP HANA data can be loaded from SAP and non-SAP Source System through SLT, BODS, DXC, and Sybase. This can be viewed using SAP BO/BI, Crystal Reports or Excel.

Currently, SAP HANA is working as an in-memory database for SAP BW. And now SAP HANA is able to improve the overall performance of SAP Net weaver BW.

58) What are the types of Relational Data stored in HANA?

Ans:

There are two types of relational data stored in HANA. They are:

Row Store
Column Store

59) Mention the different compression techniques in SAP HANA?

Ans:

There are three different compression techniques in SAP HANA and they are:

Run-length encoding.
Cluster encoding.
Dictionary encoding.

60) What do you mean by latency?

Ans:

Latency is the length of time required to replicate data from the original system to the new system i.e. from the source system to the targeted system.

70) What happens when the replication is suspended for a long period of SLT or HANA system?

Ans :When the replication is suspended for a longer period of time of SLT or HANA system then the actual size of the logging tables increases.

61) Explain how the SQL statement is processed?

Ans:

In the HANA database, each SQL statement is basically implemented in the reference of the transaction. Therefore in the further process, the new session is allotted to a new transaction.

62) What is the reason for going In-memory?

Ans:

One reason is the number of CPU cycles per second is increasing and the cost of processors is decreasing. For managing the data in memory, there is five-minute rule which is based on the suggestion that it costs more to wait for the data to be fetched from disk than it costs to keep data in memory so it depends on how often you fetch the data.

For example there is a table and no matter how large it is and this table is touched by a query at least once every 55 minutes, it is less expensive (in hardware costs) to keep it in memory than to read it from memory and if it is frequently accessed it is less expensive to store it in memory.

63) What is a Five-minute rule?

Ans:

It is a rule of thumb for deciding whether a data item should be kept in memory, or stored on disk and read back into memory when required. The rule is “randomly accessed disk pages of cache are re-used every 5 minutes”.

64) Is it possible to join tables of row-based with column-based tables?

Ans:

Yes

65) Are column-based tables always the better choice than row-based tables?

Ans:

No. There are also situations in which row based tables are advantageous.

66) Why materialized aggregates are not required?

Ans:

With a scanning speed of several gigabytes per millisecond, in-memory column stores, make it possible to calculate aggregates on large amounts of data on the fly with high performance. This is expected to eliminate the need for materialized aggregates in many cases.

67) What are the advantages of Eliminating materialized aggregates?

Ans:

No additional tables for storing aggregate results means:

Simplified data model

Simplified application logic

Higher level of concurrency and

With the fly Aggregation we have aggregated values up to date

68) What is parallelization?

Ans:

Column-based storage makes it easy to execute operations in parallel using multiple processor cores. In a column store data is already vertically partitioned means that operations on different columns can easily be processed in parallel. If multiple columns need to be searched or aggregated, each of these operations can be assigned to a different processor core. In addition operations on one column can be parallelized by partitioning the column into multiple sections that can be processed by different processor cores (core 3 and 4 below).

69) Is it possible to load and replicate data from one source system to multiple target database schemas of HANA system?

Ans:

Yes. It is possible for up to 4.

70) Is it possible to specify the type of data load and replication?

Ans:

Yes either in real time, or scheduled by time or by interval.

71) What happens when you set-up a new configuration?

Ans:

The database connection is automatically created along with GUID and Mass transfer id (MT_ID).

A schema GUID ensures that configurations with the same schema name can be created.

The Mass transfer ID is used in the naming of SLT jobs and the system can uniquely identify a schema.

72) What factors influence the change/increase the number of jobs?

Ans:

Number of configurations managed by the SLT replication server

Number of tables to be loaded/replicated for each configuration

Expected speed of initial load

Expected replication latency time. As a rule of thumb, one BDG job should be used for each 10 tables in replication to achieve acceptable latency times.

73) If you set the parameter “data transfer jobs” to 04 in a configuration “SCHEMA1”, a mass transfer ID 001 is assigned. Then what jobs should be in the system?

Ans:

1 Master job (IUUC_MONITOR_SCHEMA1)

1 Master Controller job (IUUC_REPL_CNTR_001_0001)

At most 4 parallel jobs for MT_ID 001 (DTL_MT_DATA_LOAD_001_ 01/~02/~03/~04)

Performance: If lots of tables are selected for load / replication at the same time, it may happen that there are not enough background jobs available to start the load procedure for all tables immediately. In this case you can increase the number of initial load jobs, otherwise tables will be handled sequentially.

For tables with large volume of data, you can use the transaction “Advanced Replication Settings (IUUC_REPL_CONT)” to further optimize the load and replication procedure for dedicated tables.

74) What are the different replication scenarios?

Ans:

Load, Replicate, Stop, Suspend and Resume.

Before you select any application table, the initial load of the tables DD02L, DD02T & DD08L must be completed as they contain the metadata information.

Load: Starts an initial load of replication data from the source system. The procedure is a one-time event. After it is completed, further changes to the source system database will not be replicated.

For the initial load procedure, neither database triggers nor logging tables are created in the source system. Default settings use reading type 3 (DB_SETGET) with up to 3 background jobs in parallel to load tables in parallel or subsequently into the HANA system.

Replicate: Combines an initial load procedure and the subsequent replication procedure (real time or scheduled).

Before the initial load procedure will start, database trigger and related logging table are created for each table in the source system as well as in SLT replication server.

Stop Replication: Stops any current load or replication process of a table.

The stop function will remove the database trigger and related logging tables completely. Only use this function if you do want to continue a selected table otherwise you must initially load the table again to ensure data consistency.

Suspend: Pauses a table from a running replication. The database trigger will not be deleted from the source system. The recording of changes will continue and related information is stored in the related logging tables in the source system.

If you suspend tables for a long time the size of logging tables may increase and adjust the table space if required.

Resume: Restarts the application for a suspended table. The previous suspended replication will be resumed (no new initial load required).

75) What happens if the replication is suspended for a long period of time or system outage of SLT or HANA system?

Ans:

The size of the logging tables increases.

76) Maximum number of tables in a schema?

Ans:

131072

77) What can be the maximum table name length?

Ans:

127 characters

78) What can be the maximum column name length?

Ans:

127 characters

79) What can be the maximum number of columns in a table?

Ans:

1000

80) What can be the maximum number of columns in a view?

Ans:

1000

81) What can be the maximum number of partitions of a column table?

Ans:

1000

82) What can be the maximum number of rows in each table?

Ans:

Limited by storage size RS: 1TB/sizeof(row)

CS: 2^31 * number of partitions

83) In which table you can get the current system limits?

Ans:

M_SYSTEM_LIMITS

84) Maximum number of jobs you can view the information in the Current tab of Job log?

Ans:

85) What happens when you compile the procedure?

Ans:

During compilation, the call to the procedure is rewritten for processing by the calculation engine.

86) What happens when you execute the procedure?

Ans:

It binds the actual parameters to the calculation models generated in the definition phase.

87) What is CE plan operator? What are the different categories?

Ans:

CE plan operator does the data transformation functionality internally and used in definition of functions. It is an alternate to using SQL statements.

Data Source Access operators that bind a column table or a column view to a table variable. (CE_COLUMN_TABLE, CE_JOIN_VIEW, CE_OLAP_VIEW, CE_CALC_VIEW)

Relational operators that allow a user to bypass the SQL processor during evaluation and directly executed in the calculation engine.

(CE_JOIN, CE_LEFT_OUTER_JOIN, CE_RIGHT_OUTER_JOIN, CE_PROJECTION,CE_CALC, CE_AGGREGATION, CE_UNION_ALL)

Special extensions implement, e.g., crucial business functions inside the database kernel.

(CE_VERTICAL_UNION, CE_CONVERSION)

88) What is CE_OLAP_VIEW operator?

Ans:

It return results for an existing OLAP view (also known as Analytical view). It takes the name of OLAP view and an optional list of key figures and dimensions as parameters. The OLAP view is grouped by dimensions and the key figures are aggregated using the default aggregation of the OLAP view.

Example:

out = CE_OLAP_VIEW (“OLAP_view”,[“Dim1”, “kf”]);

Is equivalent to

out = SELECT dim1, SUM(kf) FROM OLAP_view GROUP BY dim1;

89) What is Repository?

Ans:

The HANA Repository is storage system for development objects and is built into SAP HANA.

The repository supports Version control, Transport, and Sharing of objects between multiple developers. We can add objects to the repository, update the objects, publish the objects, and compile these objects into runtime objects.

90) What is an Attribute?

Ans:

Attribute represents the descriptive data used in modeling. Example: City, Country, etc.

Part 4 :

How SAP HANA is different from its competitors?

S.No	SAP HANA	Other applications
1	It makes sure of minimum duplicity and redundancy	There are issues related to redundancy and duplicity of data
2	Data can be stored permanently	It is not always possible
3	Overall database management is low	The same is very high
4	A lot of storage space and cost can be saved	This is not always guaranteed

What do you mean by SAP HANA?

HANA stands for High-performance Analytical Application and is one of the best available tools for database management. It can directly be linked to ERP systems. It is possible for the users to consider the frontend modeling for the replication center in this approach. In addition to this, it is one of the best available tools for load control and management in the server.

Tell something you know about Normalization and De-Normalization?

Normalization is nothing but the process that is adopted for the purpose of removing the redundant data from the database. This is generally done by splitting the table into different sections. This actually makes sure of integrity. On the other side, de-normalization is the process of considering the redundant data so that all the queries which are complex can be enhanced in terms of overall performance.

Organizations have to spend a very large amount of money every year on database management, are you agree with this?

Yes, this is totally right. However, it largely depends on the way a user is handling this approach. Basically, data management is a complex approach and there are a lot of tasks that are actually very critical. Managing the database without an effective tool is a big challenge. If an organization can consider a powerful tool like SAP HANA, a lot of tasks can be made simple and a ton of favorable outcomes can be derived simply.

What are SAP Hana Deployment Options?

Private Cloud, Managed Service	Public Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service	Public Cloud, Pay-as-you-go
Reliable hosting environment	Fast time to value	Hourly pay-as-you-go rate
Managed services approach	No hardware investment	Single database instance
Increased flexibility and low TCO	Flexible scalability	Run custom applications only

Why there is actually a need for businesses to invest in an RDBMS tool in the present time?

Managing the data is very important. In the present time, data plays an excellent role in the success of almost every business. Data helps in decision making, collaborations, start new ventures, tackling competition, improving quality, and so on. There are a large number of other reasons as well that are mandatory for the business to get it done in the right manner. Thus management of data is important.

By which command in SQL you can simply boost the visibility of the data in the database?

This can be done simply by DCL benefits

What you should look for in a Relational Database Management Tool while selecting the same

There are certain things that largely matter. The needs can vary depending on business to business. A few of the top factors to pay attention to are listed below.

It should be compatible and comfortable for us
The support must be extensible to a different type of formats
There should be no limit on the data handling
The tool should be good enough to maintain the privacy and the security of data
There must be some defined filters for data management
The overall cost associated with the tools
Configuration and maintenance requirements

Name the two types of relational data which you can store in SAP HANA?

It is possible for the users to store the following two types of Data in the system

Column Store
Row Store

There is not much difference between both and the users are free to consider the ones as per their need or the requirement.

Tell anyone advantage that SLT replication offer

There are a lot of HANA studios and the SLT Replication can easily be integrated with almost all of them.

What sort of advantages do businesses have with effective database management?

By data managing, the users are free to derive results that can be considered for the long run
A lot of difficulties related to data can be avoided easily
The data can be managed in sections and can be accessed easily
Well managed data is useful in designing reports, preparing documents, and assisting various departments in other tasks

What are the various tasks in the SAP HANA which are performed by the Modeling Studio?

The very first task it performs is selecting the type of tables that are to be stored in the HANA. The selection of Metadata is also the responsibility of the modeling studio. All the data services for entering the data from the warehouse or other locations are handled by it. It simply manages the ERP instances connections. The entire data services can be used for modeling only through the modeling studio. Any sort of another modeling in the SAP HANA itself is handled by the studio. Moreover, the tasks associated with the encoding are also managed and controlled by the modeling studio.

Can you name some important components of SAP HANA?

SAP HANA Appliance, Database, Application Control, and Studio,

What exactly do you mean by the term Latency in database management? What can affect the same?

It is nothing but the total time taken for replication from the source to the target system. Latency depends largely on the size of the data.

Do you have any idea about the transformation rules?

These are basically the rules which are responsible for managing the source table. All the tasks that are performed on the table depend largely on this set of rules and regulations. A few of these rules are also applicable while handling some replication processes.

Can you tell some important benefits that users can have from the SLT Replication in SAP HANA?

It is basically an approach that has been categorized as triggered one i.e. users need not to worry about the overall impact of performance on the source system. The users can simply make sure of filtering, as well as the transformation of the data even if the size is bulky. In addition to this, real-time data replication can also be assured by the users. It is possible for the users to simply make sure of multiple source systems to only one system based on HANA. The reverse action is also possible.

What problems can unnecessary information can cause in the SAP HANA and how you can avoid the same from being stored in the application?

Many times the users have to deal with information that is not relevant to any task. Generally, it can cause slow data processing speeds and can affect accuracy and reliability up to a high extent. The users are free to temporarily stop the replication and this can avoid the problem of storing any unwanted information or data in the system. To disable replication temporarily, the users just have to stop the scheme-related jobs in the system.

What do you know about the Master Controller Job in the HANA?

It is a controller that can be deployed for various reasons and purposes. It simply makes sure of creating logging tables and triggers the same in the system. The synonyms can also be created with the help of the master controller. Also, the new entries in the administration tables can be made with the help of this approach. The whole table can also be loaded with this approach.

Can you tell me something about the role of Transaction manager and Session in SAP HANA?

All the database transactions can be coordinated simply with the transaction manager and the users are free to keep a close eye on the closed as well as on the running transactions. The transactions are notified to the users when they are rolled backed or when they are committed. This makes sure of the smooth running of the storage engines.

Do you know something about Data dependence and its types?

It is nothing but actually the ability to change the related schema definition at a level in such a manner that all future levels don’t have an impact on the same.

21.Tell the procedure of how SQL statement is processed?

The statement is implemented with reference to the concerned transaction. Each transaction needs the user, to begin with, a new session. This can sometimes consume time but it is beneficial in the long run.

What exactly data redundancy is?

Data redundancy means duplicate data in the system. It adds unnecessary cost by grabbing the additional cost and can be the reason for the slow operations of the database.

Define Database Management System in your own way?

Ans: A Database Management system is basically an array of programs with applications with the help of which the users are free to organize the information, retrieve the same, restore and maintain data efficiency in a positive manner.

Tell something about the type of relationships in the database?

They are:

One to one
One to many
Many to many

The One to One is that approach in which one table is directly associated with the other tables which are similar in terms of their column. The records can be the same or they cannot be the same in this approach. In the middle approach (One to many) one table is directly associated with another table and that has key relation outside the database. In the last approach, every single record in the tables can relate multiple number or records which are present in another table.

What is functional Dependency in the database?

It is a situation when one attribute defines another and is not under the similar control

Why DML compiler is significant according to you in a database management system?

The DML compiler is the one that is responsible for translations of DML statements into a language that is easy to understand by the Query Evaluation engine. It simply makes sure of no occurrence of errors in database management.

What are the benefits that SQL can bring for you?

What do you mean by the term Record?

A record is nothing but a collection of values or the fields that belong to a specific entity such as the account managing the salary of an employee.

What are the advantages of views that can bring to the database?

They simply make sure of the accuracy
All the outcomes can be generated without the wastage of the resources
Access to the important data is always restricted and it doesn’t allow any sort of modifications in the data.

What exactly is Data Definition Language?

These are the commands in SQL which are responsible for defining the structure in which data remains present. Generally, all the changes made to the data are saved automatically and the users don’t have anything to worry about the same.

What exactly is the significance of the Persistence Layer in SAP HANA?

If I can run NetWeaver BW on IMDB/HANA, why can’t I run the Business Suite/ERP 6.0?

Just on the grounds that it’s not developed enough yet to bolster business basic applications. From an innovation viewpoint, it is as of now conceivable to maintain the Business Suite on IMDB and SAP has trialed moving some vast databases into IMDB as of now.

Explain Sap Hana Studio’s Data provisioning?

Go to SAP HANA Modeler Perspective → Data Provisioning.

What is the Operating system requirement for SAP HANA?

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server

How to Secure a sap Hana user connection?

What is the best way to manage, operate, and monitor sap Hana systems?

Sap Hana is a young database with interesting features of SAP HANA. First of all Sap Hana is an in-memory database. It is accessible for administration via various channels. Directly from the Server, It is not the most convenient method but you can use hdbsql to manage databases. With the web-based interface Hana cockpit, you can browse and manage sap Hana environments. The Client Hana Studio is the complete tool to administer Sap Hana but it has to be physically installed and therefore is dependent on the client hardware.

Part 5 :

Describe briefly what is SAP HANA?

One of the most favoured analytical products around, SAP HANA is used by many high-end companies like HPE, IBM, and Dell, all these companies own products and services optimized for the software.

German software giant SAP’s flagship product, SAP HANA is an in-memory database platform that scrutinizes data at elevated speeds by processing information saved in RAM, rather than acquiring it from the hard disk or SSD. This way it lets other programmes use extended amounts of data much more quickly. HANA, a proprietary product denoted a ‘high-performance analytic appliance’ in 2011, it was first launched and HANA 2017 was released six years later. The system can support petabytes of data in-memory while returning results within a second.

Describe the SAP HANA origins.

Commenced in the year 2006, SAP HANA was developed by SAP co-founder Hasso Plattner during the time he was a computer science professor posted at the Hasso Plattner Institute in Potsdam, Germany. The plan was to design a database that could work with a near-zero response time for the purpose of transactional and analytical data processing. Plattner desired a system that could respond to any potential business question in real-time. After many years of development at SAP, in October 2010, a prerelease edition of SAP HANA was presented to chosen clients. The first version of SAP, SAP HANA 1.0, was released on June 18, 2011.

SAP designed a cloud platform-as-a-service equipped with built-in support for SAP HANA in 2012. Later it renamed its Java-based server SAP NetWeaver Cloud to SAP HANA Cloud Platform (It changed its name in 2017 to SAP Cloud Platform and 2021 to SAP Business Technology Platform again). In 2013, SAP presented SAP HANA XS, a light app server implanted within SAP HANA that permitted application development.

In 2015, SAP declared a successor for the ERP ECC it had created in 1992. The new solution was to be anointed SAP S/4HANA and would possess numerous factors of existing ERP processes under one umbrella. Underpinning the latest solution? SAP HANA.

Mention the capabilities of SAP HANA?

SAP HANA features comprise:

Multi-Model Processing – SAP HANA is competent in preserving and processing numerous types and collections of data in various formats, like graphs, tables, and documents.
Hybrid Processing – HANA can work both as a transactional and an analytical database. It can process both types of requests on a single data set concurrently.
App Development Tools – SAP HANA is packed with a combination of application development tools, like Eclipse and Web IDE. Administrators can streamline their personalized application’s architecture by operating with coding languages that best suit their requirements and objectives.

How Much Does SAP HANA Cost?

The price of an SAP HANA license relies on per-gigabyte use. SAP takes into consideration additional aspects, involving the present market price of competitor databases while delivering a quote for SAP HANA. The total price depends, however, on each business’ needs. A few things to consider when analyzing whether to incorporate SAP HANA or not are execution needs, adaptability, scalability, and whether or not full control over the instance is required or just want to take advantage of in-memory computing.

Describe the types of SAP HANA Installations.

Once a business has chosen to move to SAP HANA, it can select from one of three deployment options.

On-Premise:
- Users get an easy signature file by buying a key from the SAP Support website in an on-premise implementation.
Cloud:
- There are two kinds of cloud implementations known as public or private. Those who are getting their license to the public cloud would take the same steps as those functioning on-premise installations.
- Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud Platform would act as a host to the cloud instance of SAP HANA. On the other hand, a private cloud implementation lets clients license an SAP HANA database on a cloud that is impressive to them. This can be a limited server hosted by a third party, or a server physically hosted by the company renting SAP HANA.
Two-Tiered (Hybrid):
- In a two-tiered implementation, companies run on both on-premise and cloud versions of SAP HANA. There are various grounds why this may be desirable, such as a wish to analyze the option of a future full-cloud deployment while currently operating an on-premise deployment.

What are the SAP HANA use cases?

SAP HANA backs diverse use cases for real-time analytics. Some examples are:

Optimizing telecommunications
Supply chain optimization
Retail sales optimization
Fraud detection
Profitability forecasting
Energy use optimization

SAP HANA has demonstrated its value in the sector of data management and application development. It retains more than 1000 certified applications that run predominantly on SAP HANA. It is regarded as one of the few database systems that you can rely on when networks are performing best. SAP HANA is also certified for the Linux operating system (OS).

Elucidate the Benefits of SAP HANA.

It is a well-regarded fact that SAP HANA is more than just a database used for storing and serving data.

Here are six of the top advantages of operating working SAP HANA:

Easily Handle Big Data: With SAP HANA, you can handle big chunks of data from any source. Also, SAP HANA’s inbuilt machine learning and cutting-edge analytic abilities permit you to include unstructured data, such as predictive, text, spatial, event streams, and time series, enabling your business to arrive at better decisions.
Gain Real-Time Analytics: The in-memory technology of HANA dramatically decreases the time it takes to derive the most comprehensive reports. With HANA’s accelerated business intelligence functionalities, you will be able to process data in near real-time, helping you make business decisions much more decisively.
Scalability: SAP HANA utilizes dynamic tiering, which indicates that data that’s operated repeatedly stays in memory whereas less-used data shifts to disk when there is less space. Not only is this an incredibly economical way to handle large data volumes, but when you take HANA’s state-of-the-art compression and columnar storage into consideration, it can cause a data footprint decline of anywhere from 3 to 5 times.
Single Source of Truth: A considerably simple advantage of SAP HANA is that it provides you with the capability to minimize your data silos by combining transactional and analytical data on a single solution. One source of truth allows us to discard errors, reduplication of data, and a lot of additional issues that take time and energy to fix.
Flexibility and Versatility: One of the most multi-faceted data solutions, you can deploy SAP HANA in a public or private cloud, in numerous clouds, or in a hybrid scenario. It also backs hybrid transactional and analytical processing, along with multiple other types of data.

What are the shortcomings of shifting to SAP HANA?

Now that you have checked the advantages of SAP HANA, you might be more confident to execute the migration. Nonetheless, before choosing to make the transition, you also have to be mindful of the shortcomings you’ll encounter during the process. Here are some of the disadvantages you should be cautious about while shifting to SAP HANA:

Planning: Pain Points: Many companies fail to recognize the actual problems of their existing database infrastructure. Therefore, they miss the scope of the project. This results in wasted endeavours and resources. Without a concrete project goal and precise estimation of project expense, you will not have an accurate roadmap to digital transformation, thus it can negatively affect your Return on Investment (ROI).
Technical Issue: Code Conversion: Other shortcomings emerge from the technical aspect of the migration. If your system is still operating with a non-Unicode language, then it can cause a major challenge to migrate to SAP HANA. SAP HANA only backs the Unicode system, so most of the new SAP NetWeaver technology and SAP applications will be available only in Unicode. Thus, the requirement for Unicode system conversion has to be executed mindfully before moving to SAP HANA. Many companies are not aware of this knowledge of conversion, as a result, leads to system failures and waste.
Execution: Downtime: Like in any other migration project, it all begins with an initial migration in the sandbox for the purpose of testing. Post which, the migration moves to Development and Quality before eventually advancing into Production. The primary problem when shifting to Production is the downtime as the consumers cannot access the system during this process. There might be a greater possibility of system failures during the migration if you do not pre-test the new database system comprehensively. It would lead to more significant downtime or worse, failures would be detected too late, leading to even lengthier outages.

Mention 10 Other Fundamental SAP HANA Terms.

There are a few essential SAP HANA terms you should also be acquainted with in addition to the details mentioned above. Let us take a look at those:

Apache Hadoop: An open-source, external, software library employed for accumulating and processing big data to expand data storage and decrease processing times. It is often used in tangent with SAP HANA.
SAP BW/4HANA: This is a data warehousing solution, which relies on SAP S/4HANA. The contemporary counterpart of SAP Business Warehouse (SAP BW).
SAP HANA Application Associate Exam: An exam that lets anyone who wants to display knowledge of SAP HANA have the possibility to demonstrate their expertise and attain SAP certification.
SAP HANA Cloud Services: An edition of SAP HANA made to operate in the cloud. Revealed at SAPPHIRE in 2019, it is presently under development.
SAP HANA cockpit: The chief system administration instrument for SAP HANA 2.0.
SAP HANA Data Management Suite: It is a data management, orchestration, and governance solution comprising SAP Data Hub and SAP HANA.
SAP HANA Data Warehousing Foundation: A tool utilized for constructing an enterprise data warehouse for SAP HANA with the help of SAP SQL programming language.
SAP HANA, express edition: Designed to be operated with a smaller memory footprint and in the cloud, it is a specialized edition of the SAP HANA database.
SAP HANA Predictive Analysis Library (PAL): A compilation of processes in the Application Function Library utilized to incorporate predictive modelling.
SAP HANA Studio: This is another tool, which is used to interact with an SAP HANA system and handle security. As of SAP HANA 2.0, SAP HANA Studio has been deprecated.

State the contrast between SAP HANA and SAP S/4HANA?

A familiar term to all, SAP S/4HANA is an application developed to operate on the SAP HANA in-memory database platform. It was released in 2015, SAP S/4HANA is SAP’s most recent ERP (enterprise resource planning) and business intelligence offering, it uses technologies like machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, and cutting-edge analytics to simplify business processes.

From enhancing production planning in manufacturing to streamlining accounting processes in finance, SAP S/4HANA can change organizations’ business processes via smart automation. It can keep track and handle business resources, including products, and handle business commitments, like payrolls and purchase orders.

For example, in the case of retailers, it can deliver real-time stock availability to consumers, assist with more practical and efficient supply-chain management, and utilize predictive analytics to recognize and control delivery delays. SAP S/4HANA is the 4th version of SAP Business Suite and is developed to be more user-friendly than the previous versions. It can also easily resolve more complicated problems and handle much more data. Though SAP S/4HANA is cloud-native, it is not restricted to operating on the cloud. It has versatile ways of deployment, like via public, private, or hybrid cloud and on-premise.

Mention the differences between BWA (Business Warehouse Accelerator) and SAP HANA. Also, state how is SAP HANA operating presently?

Business Warehouse Accelerator or BWA: The in-memory accelerator for Business Warehouse is BWA. The primary goal of BWA is to enhance the query performance of SAP Net Weaver BW. BWA is solely designed to speed-up BW queries, it also decreases the time of data acquisition by enduring the copies of the info cube.
SAP HANA: It is an in-memory database. In this platform high-performance, analytic reports and applications thrive. Another important thing is that data can be loaded in SAP HANA from SAP and non-SAP Source System via DXC, SLT, Sybase, and BODS. This can be viewed with the help of SAP BO/BI, Crystal Reports, or Excel.
Presently, SAP HANA is operating as an in-memory database for SAP BW. And now SAP HANA is capable of improving the overall execution of SAP Net weaver BW.

Explain SAP HANA Architecture in short?

The SAP HANA database is created in C++ and operates on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. SAP HANA database comprises numerous servers and the most significant feature is the Index Server. SAP HANA database includes Statistics Server, Name Server, Index Server, XS Engine, and Preprocessor Server.

What is a text table in SAP? What is the need of designing a text table?

So, table A is a text table of table B given the key of A consists of the key of B and an extra language key field (field of data type LANG). Table A may, thus, include explanatory text in different languages for every key entry of B.

Objective: Text Join is utilized to fetch the depiction based on the consumer’s session language. Once we enforce the text join in SAP HANA, it finds out the consumer’s language automatically and provides a definition in that language.

Does SAP HANA only operate under a SAP system?

The platform is best suited for SAP and non-SAP applications- what is feasible actually relies on the license selected. The SAP HANA Runtime Edition is developed for only SAP applications. With the help of these applications, work can be executed at the application level. This is not the same while selecting the SAP HANA Full-Use License: This enables organizations with all of the functionality of the platform. Work can also be executed at the database level.

SAP HANA is appropriate for third-party applications. HANA backs different standards, like the commonly used programming language SQL. Thus, deeper programming knowledge in ABAP is not needed. Without ABAP, tables can also be designed, supported, and readout. Lastly, SAP HANA also backs SAP UI5, which is a framework for designing individual apps suited for businesses having user-friendly interfaces like, based on Fiori.

Describe what is schema mapping?

Schema mapping is accomplished when the physical schema within the target system is not identical to the physical schema in the source system. Assuming we are transferring components from DEV (Development System) to PROD (Production System). The tables in Development System live in DEV_SCHEMA and the exact tables reside in the PROD system in the PROD_SCHEMA schema. If an attribute view is moved from DEV to PROD, it will not function as the schema name is described in the definition of attribute view. For the promoted objects to function in PROD, schema mapping ought to be set up in the target system. In this situation, the schema mapping to be designed is:

Authoring Schema
Physical Schema
DEV_SCHEMA
PROD_SCHEMA

Mention the difference between the Variable and Input parameter in HANA?

Variables are attached to columns and are employed for filtering with the help of WHERE clauses. They can just include the values available in the Columns they associate to. Variables do not affect the performance,
HANA Input parameters are used to drive the execution on the basis of user input. Occasionally, you might not want a variable to simply limit the data of a view. But you might also want to take input from the customer and process it, returning dynamic data on the basis of the user selection. Input Parameters makes this achievable.

Cite the function of the persistence layer in SAP HANA?

SAP HANA contains an in-memory computing engine and the data is available right away without the need for any backup. During hardware failure or power cutoff, to evade the chance of misplacing data, the persistence layer acts as a saviour and saves all the data in the hard drive that is not volatile.

Define what is a modeling studio?

Modelling studio in HANA executes numerous tasks like:
States which tables are saved in HANA, the first part is to obtain the meta-data and then prepare data replication jobs
Handle Data Services to get through the data from SAP Business Warehouse and other systems
Handle ERP instances connection, the existing release does not support connecting to different ERP instances
Employ data services for the modelling
Accomplish modelling in HANA itself, essential licenses for SAP BO data services.

State the contrast between Raw Data, Distinct values, and Analysis when you are accomplishing the Data Preview?

Raw Data: It shows all attributes alongside data in a tabular format.
Distinct Values: It shows all attributes alongside data in a graphical format.
Analysis: It depicts all measures and attributes in a graphical format.

State SAP HANA backs Massively Parallel Processing?

With the accessibility of Multi-Core CPUs, more elevated CPU execution speeds can be attained.

Furthermore, HANA Column-based storage makes it effortless to perform operations in parallel with the help of multiple processor cores.

Data is already vertically partitioned In a column store. This implies that operations on various columns can readily be processed in parallel. If numerous columns ought to be explored or aggregated, each of these processes can be assigned to a separate processor core. Additionally, by dividing the column into numerous sections that can be processed by various processor cores, operations on one column can be parallelized. With the help of the SAP HANA database, queries can be accomplished rapidly and parallelly.

What are the different types of Input parameters supported?

The following types of Input parameters are supported.

Currency: This can be used during currency conversion where the end-user should mention a source or target currency.
Date: It is Used to get back dates from the end-user with the help of a calendar type input box.
Static List: This can be used during the time the end-user needs to have a setlist of values to select from.
Attribute Value: If an Input Variable owns this type, it serves a similar purpose as a normal Variable.
Note: If none of the above is applicable you do not have to mention an Input Variable type. It can be left blank.

Name the various compression methods in HANA?

Run-length encoding
Cluster encoding.
Dictionary encoding.

What happens when an object is activated in HANA?

When an object is activated, it becomes accessible for reporting and analysis. After the view has been successfully activated, a run-time object is built in the _SYS_BIC schema.

For instance, let’s say there exists a calculation view CV_VIEW1 in package “MyPackage”. After this view is activated, a run time object (column view) will be developed in _SYS_BIC schema having the name “MyPackage/CV_VIEW1”. This column view is implemented while performing the data preview of the calculation view.

State the difference between Activate and Redeploy?

Activate – Implement the inactive objects.
Redeploy – Implements the active objects in any of the scenarios:
- If your runtime object becomes corrupted or deleted, and you need to build it again.
- If your runtime problems while object activation, and the object status shows active.

Mention the kinds of schema in HANA?

In HANA, there are 3 kinds of schemas.

User-Defined Schema: These are developed by the user, DBA or System Administrator
SLT Derived Schema: During the configuration of SLT, it develops the schema in the HANA system. All the tables imitated into the HANA system are included in this schema
System Defined Schema: System Defined schemas are provided with the SAP HANA database and include information on the HANA system. _SYS_REPO, _SYS_BIC, _SYS_BI, _SYS_STATISTICS are the system schemas.

If the tables of a schema are implemented to create modeling views then why is it essential to grant SELECT privilege to user _SYS_REPO?

If tables of a schema for example SCHEMA_ABC are implemented to create the modelling views, then the following SQL statement must be performed before starting any such modelling views.

GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA SCHEMA_ABC TO _SYS_REPO with the option of GRANT
Consider _SYS_REPO as “the activation guy”. It takes your models and makes the required runtime objects from them. Thus user _SYS_REPO requires the allowance to choose YOUR tables/views. (If _SYS_REPO user is unable to decide on the tables added in the from-clause of the view-definition, it will fail to describe that view). If different customers require to choose this view (It is quite obvious this is always the scenario, else the views would not make any sense), then _SYS_REPO ought to have the extra allowance to grant the selection further (with the grant option).

After all your models that access data in your schemas has been activated, _SYS_REPO wants to offer you and other users read access to the activated models.

Define SAP Collections Insight?

SAP Collections Insight backed by SAP HANA lets you access real-time mobile association and collections account information at any given place and time. It allows you to fix collections issues, better manage your collections efforts, tighten business relationships, and get paid quickly.

Mention the advantages of owning a collections management solution backed by SAP HANA?

SAP HANA can gather huge amounts of elaborate data from source systems, into the memory directly, where mapping, synchronization, and translation, can be accomplished in real-time, without the requirement for data duplication and pre-aggregations. This allows users to plan rapidly and iteratively using their complete, detail-level data-spending less time collecting and assembling data and more time making the critical decisions that drive their business.

What are the different user parameters that can be defined in the Semantic layer?

Measure and Attribute
Hierarchies
Parameters/Variables
New Calculated Column.

Define the Hierarchy? What are the kinds of hierarchy supported in HANA?

To structure and specify the relationships among attributes in a modelling view. Hierarchies are implemented.

Companies describe hierarchies for classification of information, letting roll-up and drill-down analysis. For instance, a sales company might assign a salesperson to a country and a country is assigned to a region. Then the sales data can be calculated and scrutinized by region, country, or salesperson.

There are two kinds of hierarchies:

Level Hierarchies are rigid hierarchies, where you can access the root and the child nodes in the defined order. For instance, organizational structures.
Parent/Child Hierarchies are regarded as value hierarchies, i.e, hierarchies obtained from the value of a node. Such as a Bill of Materials (BOM) includes Assembly and Part hierarchies, and an Employee Master record includes Employee and Manager data. The hierarchy can be analyzed on the basis of a selected parent, also, there are scenarios where the child can be a parent.

What’s the objective of Generating Time Data?

Under Quick Launch, Generate Time Data option allows the consumer to develop the Time data so that it can be employed for designing the Time-based Attribute Views.

When you select Generate Time Data, you will be supplied with two options:

Gregorian: Mostly the data will be rendered based on From and To years alongside the granularity – Second, Minute, Hour, Day, Month mentioned.
Fiscal: In this circumstance, the time data will be rendered based on the variant described (some organizations may use their time).

Standard tables T005T, T005U, T009, and T009B in SAP HANA are needed if you opt for the Fiscal type.

Conclusion

This article is all about learning about SAP HANA and the probable interview-related questions and answers you should be aware of. We hope the article will help you nail your SAP HANA interview.

How can I prepare for SAP HANA interview?

Here are some more things to keep in mind:

Be thorough with SAP HANA
Market your education
Demonstrate your experience
Avoid talking numbers
End on a strong note.

Is SAP HANA difficult to learn?

Yes, a newbie can explore SAP HANA. But getting the right opportunity in the field of SAP Hana becomes a little challenging. You should be too strong in SAP HANA, as well as SQL & Analytics. If you are well versed with any traditional database and functionality then it will help you comprehend HANA.

Is SAP HANA in demand in 2022?

Yes, and it will stay in demand in the coming future because of these reasons:

Best reliable ERP
Each big corporate cannot depend on tally or other means of ERP
Very efficacious and secure means of ERP
Fewer chances of scams and irregularity in Sap
No unauthorised access in ERP.

What is the salary of SAP HANA Developer in India?

Salary ranges from 7L per annum above 15L per annum depending on the experience.

Part 6:

Q1. What is SAP HANA?

Ans. HANA is defined as High Performance Analytical Appliance, a full transactional RDBMS system given by SAP consisting of IMCE ( In-Memory Computing Engine ) which combine row based and column based architecture. It is capable of doing both OLTP and OLAP in a single box which includes both Hardware and Software Innovations. It is also knows as Hybrid Database System.

Hardware innovation

Reduction in memory and Chip (CPU) price
Multi core Processors
Operating systems are now available with high bit size 64 bit

8084 16 bit Address Bus

2ⁿ – 2

Software Innovation

Column Store v/s Row Store
Table Partitioning
High Compression of data
Parallel Processing

Q2. What is the difference between Row Storage and Column Storage?

Row Store

Column Store

Choosing table as Row Store is not as restrict as column

If you see there is large amount of data and having non-unique

(Repeating e.g. Material group, Material Clas.. In MARA)

If there is a data set where you have unique values(distinct)

Aggregation of data is required (sales order table)

Not applying any aggregation on table.

Always selecting FEW columns in your programs out of so many columns in table.

No Aggregation like org data, configuration

SELECTING all column all time.

Q3. What is a Schema in SAP HANA?

Ans. A Schema is a dedicated area of database which can be used to store database objects like table, packages, folders, procedures.

It provides a namespace for systems which connects to Database.

Q4. What are the improvements in NW 7.5 to leverage the strength of HANA?

Code to Data paradigm ( code-pushdown )
Massive Parallel Processing
Data Encoding
Columnar Store
Run Complex Algorithms
Transparent Optimization ( order in which select query will be written and executed which is done by DB abstraction layer – converts OPEN SQL from ABAP to Native SQL which is understood by DB )

Q5. Benefits of SAP NW 7.5?

Ans.

Transparent Optimization
- SELECT QUERY : NetWeaver creates a query plan : Plan based Optimizer & Cost Based Optimizer , which decides the order/sequence in which query will be processed.
- Allows more complex joins
- Open SQL Enhancement
- Extended the static code check and SQL performance analysis
- Fast Data Access, Optimized data access
Reuse Components, ALV ,Fuzzy Search
Extension to open SQL
Features specific to HANA related artifacts
Standard programming guidelines by SAP
ABAP/ Fiori Applications

Q6. Points to be considered when Migrating to HANA?

Native SQL statements will not work – it will result into Runtime error – Dumps

EXEC SQL.

-Native Queries

SELECT ROWNUM, MATNR FROM SAPECC6.MARA;

ENDSQL.

If you have some indication to Database – not showstopper.

Db hits: ‘%_HINTS MSSQLNT ‘&prefer_join&’

Select orderid from table where amount < 300.

If you are doing a search based on non-pk columns in data based and you have not used ORDER BY clause in SQL statement, it can produce problems.

Direct access to database cluster/pool tables

Code Inspector: SCI – Quality checks of our code

When you release a transport from your dev. System a code inspector check is executed automatically.

Prio 1, 2, 3

Inner	This join type returns all rows when there is at least one match in both the database tables. In short. join between 2 tables must fulfill the join criteria
Left Outer Right Outer	This join type returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows from the right table. This join type returns all rows from the right table, and the matched rows from the left Joins the tables as like inner join, additionaly it will include the record of the table in-direction for which no corresponding records available in transaction table.
Referential	This join type is similar to inner join type, but assumes referential integrity is maintained for the join tables. Its smart inner join. If we have 2 tables connected via ref. join and a query is written on Attr. View and do not include the join column or the column on master check table. Essentially you are just selecting data from main table, The join will be “pruned” (exclude – don’t care). When you also apply an filter on data model, the ref. join also acts like inner join
Text Join	This join type is used to obtain language-specific data from the text tables using a language column.
Full Outer Joins	This join type displays results from both left and right outer joins and returns all (matched or unmatched) rows from the tables on both sides of the join clause.
Text Join	A join between master table and its text table with language key
Temporal Join	join for timeframe – also known as Equi-join. BETWEEN condition in select query. ** applicable only on Analytical Views
Star join	Its only used in calculation views, it is used to combine multiple fact table directly.
Spatial Join	used to join coordinates table

SAP HANA Interview Question and Answer

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Parameters	CDS Views	Traditional Views
Code-push down	Yes	No
Complexity	Easy	Not Easy
Outer Join	Yes	No
Complex Expressions, Logic	Yes	No
Analytical Adaption	Yes (analytical annotation)	No
OData Support	Direct from NW 7.5	No
Types	Yes	Yes
Metadata model	Yes	No
Extensions	Yes	No
Built-in function UNIONS	Yes	No
Parameters/ Ready to use system variables	Yes	No